Creating Interactive Bash Scripts

Bash scripts are a powerful tool for automating tasks in Unix-like operating systems. By creating interactive bash scripts, you can make complex workflows more easy to use, by prompting users for input and making decisions based on their responses. In this article, we’ll explore how to create interactive bash scripts using the read command and the dialog utility.

The read command is built into bash and allows you to capture user input from the command line. Here’s a simple example of using read to ask the user for their name:

echo "What's your name?"
read name
echo "Hello, $name!"

In this script, the user is greeted and then prompted to type their name. The script then inserts the name into a greeting message. You can prompt for multiple inputs like this:

read -p "Enter your first and last name: " first last
echo "Hello, $first $last!"

The -p option allows you to provide a prompt inline, rather than using echo.

If you want to make your script more robust, you can also handle cases where the user doesn’t provide input:

echo "What's your name?"
read name

if [ -z "$name" ]; then
  echo "You must enter your name."
  exit 1
fi

echo "Hello, $name!"

The -z test checks if the variable name is empty, and if it is, prints a message and exits the script with a non-zero exit code indicating an error.

For more complex user interfaces, you can use the dialog utility which provides graphical dialogs. To use dialog, you’ll first need to install it using your system’s package manager (e.g., apt-get install dialog on Debian/Ubuntu).

Here’s an example of using dialog with its –inputbox option to prompt the user for their name in a text box:

name=$(dialog --stdout --inputbox "Enter your name" 0 0)
echo "Hello, $name!"

This will open a graphical dialog box where the user can enter their name. The result is captured in the name variable.

You can also create more advanced interfaces like menus. Here’s an example of a simple menu that lets the user choose an action:

exec 3>&1
selection=$(dialog 
  --backtitle "Menu" 
  --title "Menu Title" 
  --clear 
  --cancel-label "Exit" 
  --menu "Please select:" 15 50 4 
  "1" "Option 1" 
  "2" "Option 2" 
  "3" "Option 3" 
 2>&1 1>&3)

exit_code=$?
exec 3>&-

case $exit_code in
   0)
      echo "You selected $selection"
      ;;
   1)
      echo "Exiting"
      ;;
   *)
      echo "An unexpected error occurred"
      ;;
esac

This script will display a menu with three options. When the user makes a selection, the script will print which option was selected. If the user chooses ‘Exit’, the script will print ‘Exiting’ instead.

In conclusion, Bash scripts can be made interactive by using simple commands like read, as well as more complex tools like dialog. By asking for user input, scripts can be more dynamic and useful in a variety of scenarios.